Different Parenting Styles And Their Impact
Research of Queensland Brain Institute and the VU University of Amsterdam on 14.5 million pairs of twins and analysis of past 50 years research on twins showed that Genetics and Nature of child (Nature) have almost same influence as of environment (Nurture) on person’s personality. In environment, most influential figures for a child are parents. Their parental method determines which type of personality the child will have in future. That’s why understanding of parental methods is very necessary.
In 1960, first time in the history of Developmental Psychology, Diana Baumrind (Developmental Psychologist at the University of California) on basis of her research, classified 3 main parenting styles.
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
In 1983, Martin and Maccoby divided Permissive Parenting style into further two types
- Indulgent Parenting Style
- Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting Style
Authoritative Parenting:
It can also be called "Democratic parenting". In this type of parenting style:
- Parents are supportive.
- Parents let children do their own work.
- They are encouraging, give rewards and motivation.
- They let their children learn from their own mistakes.
- They are demanding but don’t demand any achievement or task which is beyond the child’s capability or interest.
- They are warming.
- They implement rules, explain them and can be flexible if necessary.
- They listen to their children but not always accept their viewpoints.
Impact of Authoritative Parenting:
Research showed that those children who grow up under authoritative parenting, later on, have good mental health. According to a research of Botswana (South Africa), the authoritative parenting style produces children with informational identity style (actively seeking out, evaluating, utilizing self-relevant information).
Those persons whose parents are authoritative are more
- Competent
- Cooperative.
- High self-esteemed.
- They have more Social skills.
- They are happier.
- More successful in academics, carrier and life.
- They have fewer mental health issues.
- They have fewer tendencies to be exposed to drug addiction.
Authoritarian Parenting:
Authoritarian Parenting also called "Dictatorial parenting."
Authoritarian parents are:
- Less supportive.
- Highly demanding without considering children’s interests and capabilities.
- Implement strict rules and don’t explain their reasons to children.
- More inclined towards punishing techniques instead of reward techniques.
- Want their children to be successful in all domains of life.
- Want to make children free of error.
- Give harsh punishments without even explaining and children don’t even know their error after punishment.
Impact of Authoritarian Parenting:
In 2013, research was conducted on hospital staff members, employees and students in Japan. Research showed that those parents whose parents were authoritarian had poor mental health, poor life functioning, had more risk of harm towards self and others. Results were the same regardless of gender.
Research of Botswana (South Africa) showed that Authoritarian parenting produces children who have procrastinating and situation-specific behaviors.
According to a longitudinal 8 years study, it became evident that overcontrolling parenting even in infancy cause problems in pre-school and school time. These children are not good at emotion regulation (emotional responses, response to stimuli) and in inhibitory control (controlling impulses or controlling inappropriate behavior), face many other problems in school, have poor social skills and bad academic record.
Person’s whose parents have an authoritative parenting style has following characters in common:
- Low self-esteem
- More obedient behavior
- Most of them are less successful academically
- Poor social skills
- Low level of happiness
- Poor career and family relationships
- More Dependent
- More prone to drug addiction
Uninvolved Parenting:
Uninvolved parents have the following characteristics:
- They don’t pay attention to children.
- They don’t set any rules for their children.
- They are not demanding in any matter, whether it is related to academics or other social skills.
- They have no interest in their children’s lives.
- They usually remain busy in their own life and don’t bother to talk to children or to listen to them.
- They are only concerned with fulfilling the child’s basic needs.
Impact of Uninvolved Parenting:
Person’s whose parents have uninvolved parenting style have following characteristics in common:
- They are low self-esteemed.
- They usually need others as a role model and thus are more prone to bad company or habits.
- More prone towards drugs, suicide and other harmful behaviors.
- Have more behavioral problems.
- Usually, poor in career and relationships.
- They usually have bad academic records.
- They have more mental and physical health issues.
Permissive Parenting:
Permissive parents are those who:
- Don’t set specific rules.
- They always behave like a friend not like a parent.
- Baumrind stated that such types of parents is over-responsible.
- They are overly loving.
- They have few or no demands.
- They ask children’s viewpoint and accept it.
Impact of Permissive Parenting:
Permissive parenting style produces people who are:
- More egocentric
- More aggressive
- More rebellious
- Bossy Behavior
- Poor in academics and in career
- Have relationship issues
Helicopter Parenting:
First time, “Helicopter Parenting” term was used in 1696 by Dr. Haim Ginott in his book “Parents and Teenagers.” In 2011, this term included in the dictionary.
This is much similar to Authoritative Parenting. This term is used for those parents:
- Who are overly-focused.
- Overindulged or over-involved.
- Keep on hovering on children all the time.
- They consider themselves responsible for their children’s usual tasks, failures, successes and needs.
- They provide extra bits of advice.
- They even perform those tasks for their children which are so easy for them to accomplish for their selves.
Impact of Helicopter Parenting:
Such type of Parenting produces
- Fragile generation.
- A person with poor coping skills in young adulthood.
- Over dependent behavior.
- Poor social skills.
- Low self-esteem.
Snowplow Parenting:
This term is used because such parents used to clear path for their children just like a snowplow clean the path. This term got much popularity after college admission scandal case (when parents tried to get their children entered in elite college through bribery).
Such type of parents are:
- Over-helping
- These parents use every sort of power and source like wealth and status to facilitate their children.
- They not only use valid sources but also invalid like cheating and bribery, to provide children a good education, career and life.
- They are more focused on their apparent success to meet societal demands.
Impact of Snowplow Parenting:
Snowplow Parenting Style has the following impact on children:
- This type of parenting style heightens the egos of children.
- Children have more mental health issues.
- Children are more prone to neuroticism.
Fuel-Injector Parenting:
Peter Gray introduced this term in his article ‘The Many shades of Fearful Parenting’. It is also similar to Authoritative Parenting. He used it for those parents who consider this life a ‘competition’. Parents keep on bombarding ‘fear of failure’. These parents want to meet all the goals of society.
Hilary Friedman in his book ‘Playing to Win’, explain the objectives and working of parents who put the best effort, time and money for the success of their children. In her research work, she finds out that parents do all this just for the competitive aspect of that particular activity (for example academics, sports or dance), nor because their children enjoy that task. Such parents believe that through competition, their children would learn those skills which are necessary for winning any competition in life. They believe that through this they will be able to work under pressure and thus will have a successful life.
Peter Gray considers Helicopter Parenting, Snowplow Parenting and Fuel-Injector Parenting as different forms of Fearful Parenting. For many years, there were only 4 parenting styles but with the passage of time new terms like Helicopter parenting, Fuel-Injector parenting and Snow-Plow Parenting also introduced.
Also read about Best Parenting Style
References:
4 Types of Parenting Styles and Their Effects. (2020, 07 06). Retrieved from Parenting for Brain: https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-parenting-styles/
Ayuko Sakamoto, K. A. (2013, 03 9). The Impact of Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive Parenting Styles on Children’s Later Mental Health in Japan: Focusing on Parent and Child Gender. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 293-302. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9740-3
Christina Bethell, J. J. (2019, 09 09). Positive Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental and Relational Health in a Statewide Sample-Associations Across Adverse Childhood Experiences Levels.
Gray, P. (2019, 03 25). The Many Shades of Fear-Based Parenting. Retrieved from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/201903/the-many-shades-fear-based-parenting
Nicole B. Perry, J. M. (2018). Childhood Self-Regulation as a Mechanism Through Which Early Overcontrolling Parenting Is Associated With Adjustment in Preadolescence. Developmental Psychology, 54(08), 1542–1554. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000536
P.Onghena, W. H. (2003, 04 9). The additive and interactive effects of parenting and children's personality on externalizing behavior. European Journal of Personality, 17(2). Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/per.467
Sebangane, L. (2015, 1). The Relationship between Adolescent Identity Styles and Parenting Styles in One and two-parent families in Botswana.
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